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Class 10 SELINA Solutions Physics Chapter 8 - Current Electricity

Current Electricity Exercise Ex. 8A

Solution 1

Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge.

I=Q/t

Its S.I. unit is Ampere.

Solution 2

Electric potential at a point is defined as the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point. Its unit is the volt.

Solution 3

The potential difference between two points is equal to the work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to the other.

It's S.I. unit is Volt.

Solution 4

One volt is the potential difference between two points in an electric circuit when 1 joule of work is done to move charge of 1 coulomb from one point to other.

Solution 5

a. Current is a scalar quantity. The direction of current conveys that the flow of electrons is opposite to the direction of flow of current.

b. Potential is also a scalar quantity. The positive sign of potential conveys that work has to be done on the positive test charge against the repulsive force due to the positive charge in bringing it from infinity. The negative sign of potential conveys that work is done on the negative test charge by the attractive force.

Solution 6

It is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it. It's S.I. unit is Ohm.

Solution 7

(a) Particles responsible for the flow of current in a metallic wire are free electrons.

(b) In metals, free electrons are the moving charges that result in the conduction of electricity. If 'n' electrons pass through the metallic conductor in time 't', then the total charge that has flown is given by Q (charge) = n x e (charge on an electron).

(c) A metal includes free electrons and fixed positive ions.

 Positive ions give away their valence electrons and thus attain a positive charge.

 Electrons are free for movement, but positive ions do not move; thus, when a potential difference is applied across the circuit, and when free electrons begin to move, they collide with these fixed ions.

 This collision is the major cause of resistance offered by the metallic wire in the flow of current through it.

Solution 8

It states that electric current flowing through a metallic wire is directly proportional to the potential difference V across its ends provided its temperature remains the same. This is called Ohm's law.

V = IR

 

 

Solution 9

(a)The law is called Ohm's law. It states that the current flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of a conductor given the temperature remains constant.

(b) Temperature should remain constant.

 

Solution 10

(a)  

  

 

(b) Slope of VI graph represents the resistance.

 

Solution 11

  

 

 

The slope of I-V graph (= ) is equal to the reciprocal of the resistance of the conductor, i.e.

 

 

  

 

Solution 12

Ohmic Resistor: An ohmic resistor is a resistor that obeys Ohm's law. For example: all metallic conductors (such as silver, aluminium, copper, iron etc.)

From above graph resistance is determined in the form of slope.

Solution 13

The conductors which do not obey Ohm's Law are called non-ohmic resistors. Example: diode valve.

Solution 14

(1) Ohmic resistor obeys ohm's law i.e., V/I is constant for all values of V or I; whereas Non-ohmic resistor does not obey ohm's law i.e., V/I is not same for all values of V or I.

(2) In Ohmic resistor, V-I graph is linear in nature whereas in non-ohmic resistor, V-I graph is non-linear in nature.

Solution 15

Ohmic: (b), Non-Ohmic: (a)

Only for (a) the I-V graph is a straight line or linear while for (a), the graph is a curve.

Solution 16

  

 

 

In the above graph, T1  T2. The straight line A is steeper than the line B, which leads us to conclude that the resistance of conductor is more at high temperature T1 than at low temperature T2. Thus, we can say that resistance of a conductor increases with the increase in temperature.

 

Solution 17(a)

Resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of the wire.

This means if a wire of same length, but of double radius is taken, its resistance is found to be one-fourth.

Solution 17(b)

Resistance is directly proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the area of cross-section. The thicker wire has more area, and hence the resistance of the other wire will be more than that of the thicker wire.

Solution 18

Resistance of a wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire.

The resistance of a conductor depends on the number of collisions which the electrons suffer with the fixed positive ions while moving from one end to the other end of the conductor. Obviously the number of collisions will be more in a longer conductor as compared to a shorter conductor. Therefore, a longer conductor offers more resistance.

Solution 19

With the increase in temperature of conductor, both the random motion of electrons and the amplitude of vibration of fixed positive ions increase. As a result, the number of collisions increases. Hence, the resistance of a conductor increases with the increase in its temperature.

The resistance of filament of a bulb is more when it is glowing (i.e., when it is at a high temperature) as compared to when it is not glowing (i.e., when it is cold).

Solution 20

Iron wire will have more resistance than copper wire of the same length and same radius because resistivity of iron is more than that of copper.

Solution 21

(i) Resistance of a wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire means with the increase in length resistance also increases.

(ii) Resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of the wire. If area of cross-section of the wire is more, then resistance will be less and vice versa.

(iii) Resistance increases with the increase in temperature since with increase in temperature the number of collisions increases.

(iv) Resistance depends on the nature of conductor because different substances have different concentration of free electrons.Substances such as silver, copper etc. offer less resistance and are called good conductors; but substances such as rubber, glass etc. offer very high resistance and are called insulators.

Solution 22

The resistivity of a material is the resistance of a wire of that material of unit length and unit area of cross-section.

Its S.I. unit is ohm metre.

Solution 23

Expression :

- resistivity

R – resistance

l – length of conductor

A – area of cross-csection

Solution 24

Metal < Semiconductor < Insulator

Solution 25

(a) The specific resistance of a wire depends on the material of the substance and the temperature of the substance.

(b) Specific resistance depends on the material of the wire and not its dimensions. Hence, both the wires will have the same specific resistance .

 

Solution 26

Manganin

Solution 27

Specific resistance of a semiconductor decreases with increase in temperature. 

Solution 28

Resistance is directly proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the square of radius. Specific resistance is independent on the dimensions of a wire.

Solution 29

(a) The materials used for making connection wires are copper or aluminium. These materials are chosen because they have small specific resistance.

(b) A connection wire should be thick so that it offers negligible resistance to the flow of current through the circuit.

Solution 30

Manganin is used for making the standard resistor because its resistivity is quite large and the effect of change in temperature on their resistance is negligible.

Solution 31

Generally fuse wire is made of an alloy of lead and tin because its resistivity is high and melting point is low.

Solution 32

(i) A wire made of tungsten is used for filament of electric bulb because it has a high melting point and high resistivity.

(ii) A nichrome wire is used as a heating element for a room heater because the resistivity of nichrome is high and increase in its value with increase in temperature is high.

 

Solution 33

A superconductor is a substance of zero resistance at a very low temperature. Example: Mercury at 4.2 K.

Solution 34

Superconductor

Solution 1 (MCQ)

(d) Nichrome wire

Nichrome wire is an ohmic resistance.

Hint: Substances that obey Ohm's law are called Ohmic resistors.

 

Solution 2 (MCQ)

(c) Carbon

For carbon, resistance decreases with an increase in temperature.

 

 

Hint: For semiconductors such as carbon and silicon, the resistance and resistivity decreases with the increase in temperature.

 

Solution 1(Num)

  

Solution 2 (Num)

Given that,

Current , I = 3.2 mA = 3.2 x 10-3 A

Charge, Q = -1.6 x 10-19 coulomb

t=1 sec

Now,

I = Q/t → Q = I x t

Q = 3.2 x 10-3 x 1

No. of electrons = 3.2 x 10-3/1.6 x 10-19

= 2 × 1016

Solution 3 (Num)

Current (I) = 300 mA = 0.3 A

Resistance (R) = 20 ohm

Potential Difference (V) = ?

Now,

According to Ohm's Law :

V = IR

V = 0.3 x 20 = 6 V

Solution 4 (Num)

Current (I) = 1.2 A

Potential Difference/Voltage (V) = 6.0 V

Resistance (R) = ?

According to Ohm's Law :

V=IR

Then R = V/I

R = 6 / 1.2

R = 5 Ohm

Solution 5 (Num)

Potential Difference/Voltage (V) = 12 V

Current (I) = 2 A

Resistance (R) = ?

According to Ohm's Law :

V=IR

Then R = V/I

R = 12 / 2

R = 6 Ohm

Resistance will be less when the bulb is not glowing.

Solution 6 (Num)

Potential Difference/Voltage (V) = 3 V

Resistance (R) = 5 ohm

Current (I) = ?

According to Ohm's Law :

V=IR

Then I = V/R

I=3/5 =0.6 A

Solution 7 (Num)

(a) 1.25 V

(b) 0.3 A

(c) The graph is linear so resistance can be found from any value of the given table. For instance :

When V=2.5 Volt

Current is I=1.0 amp

According to ohm's law :

R=V/I

R=2.5/1.0 = 2.5 ohm

Solution 8 (Num)

(i)For wire of radius r1 :

(ii)For wire of radius r2 :

 

 

 

(ii) Since the material of the two wires is same, so their resistivities will also be same i.e.,

Solution 9(Num)

  

Solution 10 (Num)

Resistance (R) = 3 ohm

Length l = 10 cm

New Length (l') = 30 cm = 3 x l

New Resistance :

With stretching length will increase and area of cross-section will decrease in the same order

Therefore,

Solution 11 (Num)

Resistance (R) = 9 ohm

Length l = 30 cm

New Length () = 30 cm = 3/l = 10 cm

New Resistance :

With change in length, there will be change in area of cross-section also in the same order.

R' = 1 ohm

Solution 12 (Num)

Resistance (R) = 2 ohm

Resistivity () = 1.7 x 10-8 metre

Radius (r) = 1 mm = 10-3 m

Length (l) = ?

Now,

begin mathsize 11px style straight R equals ρl over straight A rightwards double arrow straight l equals RA over straight rho
Rπr squared over straight rho equals fraction numerator 2 cross times 3.14 cross times 10 to the power of negative 6 end exponent over denominator 1.7 cross times 10 to the power of negative 8 end exponent end fraction
therefore space straight l equals 369.4 space straight m end style

Solution 13(Num)

According to Ohm's law,

 

 

Resistance of the wire increases with increase in temperature. So the difference arises because the temperature of the filament increased.

Current Electricity Exercise Ex. 8B

Solution 1

e.m.f.: When no current is drawn from a cell, the potential difference between the terminals of the cell is called its electro-motive force (or e.m.f.).

Terminal voltage: When current is drawn from a cell, the potential difference between the electrodes of the cell is called its terminal voltage.

Internal Resistance: The resistance offered by the electrolyte inside the cell to the flow of electric current through it is called the internal resistance of the cell.

Solution 2

e.m.f. of cell

Terminal voltage of cell

     1.It is measured by the amount of  work done in moving a unit positive charge in the complete circuit inside and outside the cell.

     1. It is measured by the amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge in the circuit outside the cell.

     2.It is the characteristic of the cell i.e., it does not depend on the amount of current drawn from the cell

2. It depends on the amount of current drawn from the cell. More the current is drawn from the cell, less is the terminal voltage.

     3.It is equal to the terminal voltage when cell is not in use, while greater than the terminal voltage when cell is in use.

3. It is equal to the emf of cell when cell is not in use, while less than the emf when cell is in use.

 

Solution 3

Internal resistance of a cell depends upon the following factors:

(i) The surface area of the electrodes: Larger the surface area of the electrodes, less is the internal resistance.

(ii) The distance between the electrodes: More the distance between the electrodes, greater is the internal resistance.

Solution 4

(a) Total resistance = R + r

(b) Current drawn from the circuit :

As we know that,

=V+v

  = IR + Ir

  =I(R+r)

I = e / (R + r)

(c) p.d. across the cell :

(d) voltage drop inside the cell: Syntax error from line 1 column 49 to line 1 column 73. Unexpected '<mstyle '.

Solution 5

(a) Terminal voltage is less than the emf : Terminal Voltage < e.m.f.

(b) e.m.f. is equal to the terminal voltage when no current is drawn.

Solution 6

When the electric cell is in a closed circuit the current flows through the circuit. There is a fall of potential across the internal resistance of the cell. So, the p.d. across the terminals in a closed circuit is less than the p.d. across the terminals in an open circuit by an amount equal to the potential drop across the internal resistance of the cell.

Solution 7

(a) Total Resistance in series:

(b) Total Resistance in parallel:

Solution 8

If current I is drawn from the battery, the current through eac resistor will also be I.

On applying Ohm's law to the two resistors separately, we further

have

V1 = I R1

V2 = I R2

V=V1 + V2

IR = I R1+ I R2

R= R1+ R2

Total Resistance in series R :

Solution 9

On applying Ohm's law to the two resistors separately, we further

Have

I1 = V / R1

I2 = V / R2

I = I1 + I2

Solution 10

(a) series

(b) parallel

(c) parallel

(d) series

Solution 11

For the same change in I, change in V is less for the straight line A than for the straight line B (i.e., the straight line A is less steeper than B), so the straight line A represents small resistance, while the straight line B represents more resistance. In parallel combination, the resistance decreases while in series combination, the resistance increases. So A represents the parallel combination.

Solution 1 (MCQ)

(c) Current is same in each resistance 

 

In series combination of resistances, current is same in each resistance.

Hint: In a series combination, the current has a single path for its flow. Hence, the same current passes through each resistor.

 

Solution 2 (MCQ)

(a) P.D. is same across each resistance

In parallel combination of resistances, P.D. is same across each resistance.

 

Hint: In parallel combination, the ends of each resistor are connected to the ends of the same source of potential. Thus, the potential difference across each resistance is same and is equal to the potential difference across the terminals of the source (or battery).

 

Solution 3 (MCQ)

(a) and (d)

 

Solution:

  

 

Solution 1 (Num)

Given that,

R = 8 ohm

r = 2 ohm

ε = 4 V

Now,

(i) When key is open

Ammeter reading, I = 0

Voltage, V = - Ir

V = 4 - 0 x 2 = 4 volt

(ii) When key is closed

Ammeter reading:

I = ε /(R+r)

I = 4 / (8 + 2) = 4 / 10 = 0.4 amp

Voltage reading:

Voltage,  V = ε - Ir

V = 4 - 0.2 x 2 = 4 - 0.4 = 3.2 V

Solution 2 (Num)

Given that,

= 6 V

I = 3 A

V = 5.4 V

Now,

Internal resistance, r = (- V) / I

r = (6.0 V - 5.4 V) / 3 A

r = 0.6 V / 3 A

r = 0.2 Ω

Solution 3 (Num)

(a) = 1.8 V

Total Resistance = 2 + 4.5 + 0.7 = 7.2 W

I=?

I= / R (total resistance)

I = 1.8 / 7.2 = 0.25 A

(b) Current (calculated in (a) part) I = 0.25 A

Now, total resistance excluding internal resistance = 4.5 + 0.7 = 5.2 ohm

V = IR = 0.25 x 5.2 = 1.3 V

Solution 4 (Num)

Solution 5 (Num)

In first case

I=1 A, R=1.9 ohm

=I(R+r)=1(1.9+r)

=1.9+r------------(1)

In second case

I=0.5 A, R=3.9 ohm

=I(R+r)=0.5(3.9+r)

=1.95+0.5r----------------(2)

 

From eq. (1) and (2),

1.9+r=1.95+0.5r

r=0.05/0.5=0.1 ohm

 

Substituting value of r

=1.9+r=1.9+0.1=2 V

Solution 6 (Num)

Given that,
R1 = 8 Ω
R2 = 12 Ω
Req = ?
Now,
For resistance connected in parallel combination, the effective resistance will be given as
begin mathsize 11px style 1 over straight R subscript eq equals 1 over straight R subscript 1 plus 1 over straight R subscript 2 end style
1/Req  = 1/8 + 1/12
1/Req = (3 + 2) / 24
1/Req = 5 / 24
begin mathsize 11px style therefore straight R subscript eq equals 24 over 5 equals 4.8 space straight capital omega space end style

Solution 7 (Num)

R1 = 5 ohm

R2 = 5 ohm

R3 = 5 ohm

R4 = 5 ohm 

For the parallel combination of resistors, 

1 over R equals 1 over R subscript 1 plus 1 over R subscript 2 plus 1 over R subscript 3 plus 1 over R subscript 4

therefore 1 over R equals 1 fifth plus 1 fifth plus 1 fifth plus 1 fifth
therefore 1 over R equals 4 over 5
T h u s comma space e f f e c t i v e space r e s i s tan c e space i s comma space
R space equals space 5 over 4 equals 1.25 space capital omega

Solution 8(Num)

  

  

  

Solution 9 (Num)

A parallel combination of two resistors, in series with one resistor.

R1 = 2 Ω

R2 = 2 Ω

R3 = 2 Ω

begin mathsize 12px style 1 over straight R to the power of 1 equals 1 over straight R subscript 1 plus 1 over straight R subscript 2
1 over straight R to the power of 1 equals 1 half plus 1 half equals 1
straight R to the power of 1 equals 1 space straight capital omega
straight R equals straight R to the power of 1 plus straight R subscript 3 space equals space 1 space plus space 2 space equals 3 straight capital omega end style

Solution 10 (Num)

 

 

For parallel resistances

 

 

Therefore

 

 

Solution 11 (Num)

Resistance of each set :

r1 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 ohm

r2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 ohm

r3 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 ohm

r4 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 ohm

 

Now these resistances are arranged in parallel :

Solution 12 (Num)

r1 = 4 ohm

r2 = 8 ohm

r3 = x ohm

r4 = 5 ohm

r=4 ohm

Solution 13(Num)

  

Solution 14 (Num)

Wire cut into three pieces means new resistance = 27/3 = 9

 

Now three resistance connected in parallel :

Solution 15 (Num)

Now, the circuit diagram for the given case will be as shown below,

Let,

R1 = 1 Ω

R2 = 6 Ω

R3 = 12 Ω

Now,

begin mathsize 11px style Total space resistance space equals space straight R subscript 1 plus fraction numerator straight R subscript 2 straight R subscript 3 over denominator straight R subscript 2 plus straight R subscript 3 end fraction
equals 1 plus fraction numerator 12 cross times 6 over denominator 12 plus 6 end fraction
equals 1 plus fraction numerator 12 cross times 6 over denominator 18 end fraction
equals 1 plus 4 equals 5 straight capital omega end style

Solution 16(Num)

 

Solution 17 (Num)

R1=3+2 = 5 ohm

R2=30 W

R3=6+4 = 10 ohm

R1 , R2 and R3 are connected in parallel

Solution 18 (Num)

(a) R1=2+2+2 = 6ohm

R2=2ohm

R1 and R2 are connected in parallel

 

(b) R1=2+2 = 4 ohm

R2=2+2=4 W

R1 and R2 are connected in parallel

Solution 19 (Num)

(a) R1=3+3=6 W

R2=3 W

R1 and R2 are connected in parallel

 

(b) As calculated above R=2 ohm

R3 = 3 ohm

R4 = 3 ohm

R'=R+R3+R4=2+3+3 = 8 ohm

Solution 20 (Num)

Given that,
R1 = 4 ohm
R2 = 6 ohm
V = 6 V
(a)When both 4 and 6 ohms resistance connected in series.
Total resistance, R = R1 + R2 = 4 Ω + 6 Ω = 10 Ω
According to Ohm’s law
Current, I = V / R 
I = 6.0 V / 10 Ω 
∴ I = 0.6 A
(b)When both 4 and 6 ohms resistance connected in parallel.
begin mathsize 11px style The space equivalent space resistance comma space straight R subscript eq equals fraction numerator straight R subscript 1 straight R subscript 2 over denominator straight R subscript 1 plus straight R subscript 2 end fraction end style
= (4 Ω × 6 Ω) / (4 Ω + 6 Ω)
= 2.4 Ω
According to Ohm's law,
Current, I = V / Req
= 6.0 V / 2.4 Ω
∴ I = 2.5 A

Solution 21 (Num)

(a)

 

R1=6 ohm

R2=4 ohm

R = R1 + R2 = 6 + 4 = 10 ohm

V=20 V

I=V/R = 20/10 = 2 A

 

 

(b) R = 6 W

I = 2 A

V = ?

V = IR = 6 x 2 = 12 V

Solution 22(Num)

a. Circuit diagram

 

 

 

b. Equivalent resistance of the circuit:

 

 

Hence, the emf of the cell is

 

 

Therefore, current through each resistor is

 

 

Solution 23(Num)

For resistor A :

R=1 ohm

V=2 V

I=V/R = 2/1 = 2A

 

For resistor B :

R = 2 ohm

V = 2 V

I=V/R = 2/2 = 1A

Solution 24(Num)

(a)

V=4 V

I=0.4 A

Total Resistance R'=?

R' = V/I = 0.4/4 = 10 ohm

 

 

(b)

R1= 20 ohm

R' = 10 ohm

begin mathsize 12px style fraction numerator 1 over denominator straight R apostrophe end fraction equals 1 over straight R plus 1 over straight R subscript 1
1 over 10 equals 1 over straight R plus 1 over 20
1 over straight R equals 1 over 10 minus 1 over 20 equals 1 over 20
straight R equals 20 space straight capital omega end style 

 

(c)

R=20 ohm

V=4 V

I=V/R = 4/20 = 0.2 A

Solution 25 (Num)

(a)

Resistance of 1m of wire = 3 ohm

Resistance of 1.5 m of wire = 3 x 1.5 = 4.5 W

 

(b)

I=2 A

V=IR = 2 x 4.5 = 9 V

 

(c)

R=3 ohm for 1 m

For 5 m : R=3 x 5 = 15 ohm

But Area A is double i.e. 2A and Resistance is inversely proportional to area so Resistance will be half.

R=15/2 = 7.5 ohm

Solution 26 (Num)

In parallel R = ½ + ½ = 1 ohm

I = 1.2 A

=I(R+r) = 1.2(1+r)= 1.2 + 1.2 r

 

In series R = 2+2=4 ohm

I=0.4 A

=I(R+r) = 0.4(4+r) = 1.6 + 0.4 r

 

It means :

1.2 + 1.2 r = 1.6 + 0.4 r

0.8 r = 0.4

r = 0.4 / 0.8 = ½ = 0.5 ohm

 

(i) Internal resistance r = 0.5 ohm

 

(ii) =I(R+r) = 1.2(1+0.5) = 1.8 V

Solution 27 (Num)

Given that,

Emf of battery, ε = 16 V

internal resistance of battery, r = 2 Ω

R1 = 3 Ω 

R2 = 6 Ω

(a) 

Now,

1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2

= 1/R = 1/3 + 1/6

= 1/R = 1/2

= R = 2 Ω

Total circuit resistance,

r' = r + R

= 2 Ω + 2 Ω

= 4 Ω

Current through the battery,

I = E / r'

= 16 V / 4 Ω

= 4 A

(b) P.D. between the terminals of the battery,

V = E - I r

= 16 - 4 × 2

= 8 V 

(c) According to Ohm's law:

I1 = V / R1

= 8/3 = 2.66 A

Similarly,

(d) 

I2 = V/R2

= 8 V / 6 Ω

= 1.34 A

Solution 28 (Num)

(a)R = 4

I = 0.25 A

V=IR = 0.25 x 4 = 1 V

 

(b)Internal Resistance r=3 ohm

I = 0.25 A

V=IR = 0.25 x 3 = 0.75 V

 

(c) Effective resistance of parallel combination of two 2 ohm resistances = 1 ohm

 

V= I/R = 0.25/1 = 0.25 V

 


(d) I=0.25 A

=2V, r = 3 ohm

=I(R'+r)

2=0.25(R'+3)

R'=5 W 

 

 

 

Solution 29 (Num)

(a) R1=6 W

R'=R2+R3=2+4=6 W

R1 and R' in parallel :

 

(b) R= 3 ohm

V=6 V

I=?

I=V/R=6/3=2 A

Solution 30(Num)

  

  

Solution 31(Num)

The total resistance of the circuit is

  

a. Therefore, the current through the ammeter is

 

 

b. The potential difference across the ends of the cells is

 

c. The potential difference across the 4.5 resistor is

 

 

Current Electricity Exercise Ex. 8C

Solution 1

Solution 2

Solution 3

                          (a)Q represents Charge and V represents Voltage.

                             (b)    

        

Solution 4

The S.I. unit of electrical energy is joule.

1Wh = 3600 J

Solution 5

The power of an appliance is 100 W. It means that 100 J of electrical energy is consumed by the appliance in 1 second.

Solution 6

                       The S.I. unit of electrical power is Watt. 

Solution 7

                       (i)The household unit of electricity is kilowatt-hour (kWh).

One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the electrical energy consumed by an electrical appliance of power 1 kW when it is used for one hour.

                           (ii)The voltage of the electricity that is generally supplied to a house is 220 Volt.

Electri                   (iii) electrical energy is consumed.

iii



Solution 8

                      (i)Electrical power is measured in kW and

                      (ii)Electrical energy is measured in kWh.

Solution 9

One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the electrical energy consumed by an electrical appliance of power 1 kW when it is used for one hour.

Its value in SI unit is

Solution 10

Kilowatt is the unit of electrical power whereas kilowatt-hour is the unit of electrical energy.

Solution 11

(a)

(b) 3.6 x 106 J

Solution 12

An electrical appliance such as electric bulb, geyser etc. is rated with power (P) and voltage (V) which is known as its power rating. For example: If an electric bulb is rated as 50W-220V, it means that when the bulb is lighted on a 220 V supply, it consumes 50 W electrical power.

(a) To calculate the resistance of the appliance, the expression is:

                                

(b) The safe limit of current I is:

Solution 13

It means that if the bulb is lighted on a 250 V supply, it consumes 100 W electrical power (which means 100J of electrical energy is converted in the filament of bulb into the light and heat energy in 1 second).

Solution 14

 

Appliance

Power

(in Watt)

Voltage

(in Volts)

Time

(hours)

Electrical energy

(E=P×t)

Fluorescent tube

40

220

12 x 30 = 360hrs

14.4 kWh

Television set

120

220

4 x 30 = 120hrs

14.4 kWh

Refrigerator

150

220

24 x 30 = 720hrs

108 kWh

 

Solution 15

Solution 16

When current is passed in a wire, the heat produced in it depends on the three factors: (i) on the amount of current passing through the wire, (ii) on the resistance of wire and (iii) on the time for which current is passed in the wire.

                          (i)Dependence of heat produced on the current in wire: The amount of heat H produced in the wire is directly proportional to the square of current I passing through the wire,  i.e.,

                          (ii)Dependence of heat produced on the resistance of wire: The amount of heat H produced in the wire is directly proportional to the resistance R of the wire, i.e.,

                        (iii)Dependence of heat produced on the time: The amount of heat H produced in the wire is directly proportional to the time t for which current is passed in the wire, i.e.,

Solution 1 (MCQ)

(b) I²Rt

 

 

Note:

 

 

  

 

Solution 2 (MCQ)

(b) 144 Ω

 

 

Solution:

 

   

 

Solution 1 (Num)

Resistance of electric bulb (R) = 500Ω 

Current drawn from the source (I) = 0.4 A

Power of the bulb (P) = VI

V = I x R

V = 0.4 x 500 = 200 V

The potential difference at its end is 200 V.

Hence,

Power (P) = VI

P = 200 x 0.4 = 80 W

The power of the bulb is 80 Watt.

Solution 2 (Num)

Given that,

Current, I = 3 A

Resistance, R =75 Ω

Time, t = 2 min = 2 × 60 sec

Now,

(a)Heat energy is produced due to current is  

Energy = I2R t

Energy = 32 × 75 × 2 × 60 

Energy = 81,000 J

(b)Total charge passed through coil will be

Q = It

Q = 3 × 2 × 60 

Q = 360 C

Solution 3 (Num)

Solution 4 (Num)

Solution 5 (Num)

Solution 6 (Num)

Given that,

Power of the bulb, P = 60 W

Time, t = 12.5 h

Number of days for which the bulb is used, n = 30 days

Electricity consumed, E = Ptn

Substituting the given values, we get:

Energy = 60 × 12.5 × 30

Energy = 22,500 Watt hours = 22.5 kWh

Thus, the electrical energy consumed by the bulb will be 22.5 kWh.

Solution 7 (Num)

Solution 8 (Num)

Solution 9 (Num)

Solution 10 (Num)

Given that,

Current, I = 0.2 A

Voltage, V = 20 V

Time, t = 1 min = 60 sec

Now, 

(i) According to Ohm's law:

Resistance, R = V/I

R = 20/0.2 = 100 Ω 

∴ R = 100 Ω

(ii)  

Energy = I2Rt

 Energy = 0.22 × 100 × 1 × 60 

Energy = 240 J

Solution 11 (Num)

When one lamp is connected across the mains, it draws 0.25 A current, while if two lamps are connected in series across the mains, current through each bulb becomes

(i.e., current is halved), hence heating () in each bulb becomes one-fourth, so each bulb appears less bright.

Solution 12 (Num)

Solution 13 (Num)

Solution 14 (Num)

Solution 15 (Num)

Solution 16 (Num)

Solution 17 (Num)

Solution 18 (Num

Solution 19 (Num)

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Solution 20 (Num)

For one day energy used will be

Energy =Power x time

Energy=2 x 3=6kwh

Energy used in one week

6 x 7=42kwH

Total cost= 42x 4.25=178.5

Rs 178.5

Solution 21 (Num)

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